人类智能能够首先学习一些基本技能，以解决基本问题，然后将这种基本技能融合到解决复杂或新问题的复杂技能中。例如，基本技能``挖洞''，``放树，'''``回填''和``浇水'''构成复杂的技能``植物''。此外，可以重复使用一些基本技能来解决其他问题。例如，基本技能``挖洞''不仅可以用于种植树木，而且还可以用于采矿，建造排水管或垃圾填埋场。学习基本技能并重复使用各种任务的能力对人类非常重要，因为它有助于避免学习太多的技能来解决每个任务，并可以通过仅学习几个数量来解决组成数量的任务数量基本技能，可以节省人脑中大量的记忆和计算。我们认为，机器智能还应捕捉学习基本技能并通过构成复杂技能的能力。在计算机科学语言中，每种基本技能都是“模块”，它是一个可重复使用的具体含义的网络，并执行特定的基本操作。将模块组装成更大的``模型''，以完成更复杂的任务。组装过程适应输入或任务，即，对于给定的任务，应该将模块组装成解决任务的最合适的模型中。结果，不同的输入或任务可能具有不同的组装模型，从而实现自组装AI。在这项工作中，我们提出了模块化的自适应神经体系结构搜索（MANAS），以演示上述想法。不同数据集上的实验表明，MANAS组装的自适应体系结构优于静态全局体系结构。进一步的实验和经验分析为魔力的有效性提供了见解。

图表可以表示实体之间的关系信息，图形结构广泛用于许多智能任务，例如搜索，推荐和问题应答。然而，实际上大多数图形结构数据都遭受了不完整性，因此链路预测成为一个重要的研究问题。虽然提出了许多模型来用于链路预测，但以下两个问题仍然仍然较少：（1）大多数方法在不利用相关链路中使用丰富的信息，大多数方法都独立模型，并且（2）现有型号主要基于关联设计学习并没有考虑推理。通过这些问题，在本文中，我们提出了图表协作推理（GCR），它可以使用邻居与逻辑推理视角的关系中的关系推理。我们提供了一种简单的方法来将图形结构转换为逻辑表达式，以便链路预测任务可以转换为神经逻辑推理问题。我们应用逻辑受限的神经模块根据逻辑表达式构建网络架构，并使用反向传播以有效地学习模型参数，这在统一架构中桥接可分辨率的学习和象征性推理。为了展示我们工作的有效性，我们对图形相关任务进行实验，例如基于常用的基准数据集的链路预测和推荐，我们的图表合作推理方法实现了最先进的性能。

由于越来越多的用户使用它们来寻求和决策，推荐制度对人类和社会的影响增加了对人类和社会的影响。因此，在建议中解决潜在的不公平问题至关重要。就像用户在物品上具有个性化的偏好，用户对公平性的要求也是个性化的许多情况。因此，为用户提供个性化的公平建议，以满足其个性化的公平需求。此外，以前的公平建议作品主要关注基于关联的公平性。但是，重要的是从联合公平概念前进，以便在推荐系统中更适当地评估公平性的因果公平概念。本文根据上述考虑，侧重于为推荐系统中的用户实现个性化的反事实公平。为此，我们介绍了一个框架，通过对建议产生特征 - 独立的用户嵌入来实现通过对抗学习来实现反转公平的建议。该框架允许推荐系统为用户实现个性化的公平，同时也涵盖非个性化情况。在浅层和深刻的推荐算法上的两个现实数据集的实验表明，我们的方法可以为具有理想的推荐性能的用户生成更公平的建议。

Deep learning models can achieve high accuracy when trained on large amounts of labeled data. However, real-world scenarios often involve several challenges: Training data may become available in installments, may originate from multiple different domains, and may not contain labels for training. Certain settings, for instance medical applications, often involve further restrictions that prohibit retention of previously seen data due to privacy regulations. In this work, to address such challenges, we study unsupervised segmentation in continual learning scenarios that involve domain shift. To that end, we introduce GarDA (Generative Appearance Replay for continual Domain Adaptation), a generative-replay based approach that can adapt a segmentation model sequentially to new domains with unlabeled data. In contrast to single-step unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), continual adaptation to a sequence of domains enables leveraging and consolidation of information from multiple domains. Unlike previous approaches in incremental UDA, our method does not require access to previously seen data, making it applicable in many practical scenarios. We evaluate GarDA on two datasets with different organs and modalities, where it substantially outperforms existing techniques.

The development of social media user stance detection and bot detection methods rely heavily on large-scale and high-quality benchmarks. However, in addition to low annotation quality, existing benchmarks generally have incomplete user relationships, suppressing graph-based account detection research. To address these issues, we propose a Multi-Relational Graph-Based Twitter Account Detection Benchmark (MGTAB), the first standardized graph-based benchmark for account detection. To our knowledge, MGTAB was built based on the largest original data in the field, with over 1.55 million users and 130 million tweets. MGTAB contains 10,199 expert-annotated users and 7 types of relationships, ensuring high-quality annotation and diversified relations. In MGTAB, we extracted the 20 user property features with the greatest information gain and user tweet features as the user features. In addition, we performed a thorough evaluation of MGTAB and other public datasets. Our experiments found that graph-based approaches are generally more effective than feature-based approaches and perform better when introducing multiple relations. By analyzing experiment results, we identify effective approaches for account detection and provide potential future research directions in this field. Our benchmark and standardized evaluation procedures are freely available at: https://github.com/GraphDetec/MGTAB.

As one of the prevalent methods to achieve automation systems, Imitation Learning (IL) presents a promising performance in a wide range of domains. However, despite the considerable improvement in policy performance, the corresponding research on the explainability of IL models is still limited. Inspired by the recent approaches in explainable artificial intelligence methods, we proposed a model-agnostic explaining framework for IL models called R2RISE. R2RISE aims to explain the overall policy performance with respect to the frames in demonstrations. It iteratively retrains the black-box IL model from the randomized masked demonstrations and uses the conventional evaluation outcome environment returns as the coefficient to build an importance map. We also conducted experiments to investigate three major questions concerning frames' importance equality, the effectiveness of the importance map, and connections between importance maps from different IL models. The result shows that R2RISE successfully distinguishes important frames from the demonstrations.

Compressed videos often exhibit visually annoying artifacts, known as Perceivable Encoding Artifacts (PEAs), which dramatically degrade video visual quality. Subjective and objective measures capable of identifying and quantifying various types of PEAs are critical in improving visual quality. In this paper, we investigate the influence of four spatial PEAs (i.e. blurring, blocking, bleeding, and ringing) and two temporal PEAs (i.e. flickering and floating) on video quality. For spatial artifacts, we propose a visual saliency model with a low computational cost and higher consistency with human visual perception. In terms of temporal artifacts, self-attention based TimeSFormer is improved to detect temporal artifacts. Based on the six types of PEAs, a quality metric called Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifacts Measurement (SSTAM) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art metrics. We believe that SSTAM will be beneficial for optimizing video coding techniques.

We propose a distributionally robust return-risk model for Markov decision processes (MDPs) under risk and reward ambiguity. The proposed model optimizes the weighted average of mean and percentile performances, and it covers the distributionally robust MDPs and the distributionally robust chance-constrained MDPs (both under reward ambiguity) as special cases. By considering that the unknown reward distribution lies in a Wasserstein ambiguity set, we derive the tractable reformulation for our model. In particular, we show that that the return-risk model can also account for risk from uncertain transition kernel when one only seeks deterministic policies, and that a distributionally robust MDP under the percentile criterion can be reformulated as its nominal counterpart at an adjusted risk level. A scalable first-order algorithm is designed to solve large-scale problems, and we demonstrate the advantages of our proposed model and algorithm through numerical experiments.

Witnessing the impressive achievements of pre-training techniques on large-scale data in the field of computer vision and natural language processing, we wonder whether this idea could be adapted in a grab-and-go spirit, and mitigate the sample inefficiency problem for visuomotor driving. Given the highly dynamic and variant nature of the input, the visuomotor driving task inherently lacks view and translation invariance, and the visual input contains massive irrelevant information for decision making, resulting in predominant pre-training approaches from general vision less suitable for the autonomous driving task. To this end, we propose PPGeo (Policy Pre-training via Geometric modeling), an intuitive and straightforward fully self-supervised framework curated for the policy pretraining in visuomotor driving. We aim at learning policy representations as a powerful abstraction by modeling 3D geometric scenes on large-scale unlabeled and uncalibrated YouTube driving videos. The proposed PPGeo is performed in two stages to support effective self-supervised training. In the first stage, the geometric modeling framework generates pose and depth predictions simultaneously, with two consecutive frames as input. In the second stage, the visual encoder learns driving policy representation by predicting the future ego-motion and optimizing with the photometric error based on current visual observation only. As such, the pre-trained visual encoder is equipped with rich driving policy related representations and thereby competent for multiple visuomotor driving tasks. Extensive experiments covering a wide span of challenging scenarios have demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach, where improvements range from 2% to even over 100% with very limited data. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/PPGeo.

As one of the most important psychic stress reactions, micro-expressions (MEs), are spontaneous and transient facial expressions that can reveal the genuine emotions of human beings. Thus, recognizing MEs (MER) automatically is becoming increasingly crucial in the field of affective computing, and provides essential technical support in lie detection, psychological analysis and other areas. However, the lack of abundant ME data seriously restricts the development of cutting-edge data-driven MER models. Despite the recent efforts of several spontaneous ME datasets to alleviate this problem, it is still a tiny amount of work. To solve the problem of ME data hunger, we construct a dynamic spontaneous ME dataset with the largest current ME data scale, called DFME (Dynamic Facial Micro-expressions), which includes 7,526 well-labeled ME videos induced by 671 participants and annotated by more than 20 annotators throughout three years. Afterwards, we adopt four classical spatiotemporal feature learning models on DFME to perform MER experiments to objectively verify the validity of DFME dataset. In addition, we explore different solutions to the class imbalance and key-frame sequence sampling problems in dynamic MER respectively on DFME, so as to provide a valuable reference for future research. The comprehensive experimental results show that our DFME dataset can facilitate the research of automatic MER, and provide a new benchmark for MER. DFME will be published via https://mea-lab-421.github.io.